Endoscopy in Malaysia is one of the most important diagnostic and therapeutic tools in modern medicine. It is a minimally invasive procedure that allows doctors to examine internal organs using a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera, called an endoscope. This technology helps specialists detect problems in the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and colon with high accuracy and minimal discomfort.
According to the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), gastrointestinal diseases are among the top 10 causes of hospital admissions, and colorectal cancer is now the second most common cancer in the country. Early detection through endoscopy can significantly improve treatment outcomes, reduce complications, and even save lives.
What Is Endoscopy?
Endoscopy is a medical procedure that enables doctors to see inside the body without making large incisions. The endoscope, a flexible tube fitted with a tiny light and camera, transmits images to a monitor, allowing doctors to examine affected areas in real time.
It is used for both diagnosis (to find out what is wrong) and treatment (such as removing polyps, stopping bleeding, or taking tissue samples for biopsy).
Types of Endoscopy by Area Examined
Gastroscopy (Upper Endoscopy): Examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Commonly used for acid reflux, ulcers, and stomach pain.
Colonoscopy: Examines the colon and rectum. Essential for detecting colon polyps, colorectal cancer, and chronic bowel issues.
Sigmoidoscopy: A shorter version of colonoscopy, focused on the rectum and sigmoid colon.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Combines endoscopy with ultrasound to assess nearby organs such as the pancreas or lymph nodes.
Capsule Endoscopy: Patients swallow a small camera capsule that takes thousands of images of the small intestine.
Bronchoscopy: Views the lungs and airways, usually to investigate persistent cough or lung disease.
ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): Evaluates bile ducts and pancreatic ducts, often for gallstones or obstruction.
👉 In Malaysia, the most common endoscopies are gastroscopy and colonoscopy, since digestive complaints and colorectal cancer are widespread health issues.
Endoscopy Procedure: Step by Step
Endoscopy is generally performed as an outpatient procedure, meaning patients go home the same day. Sedation is almost always used to ensure comfort.
Step 1: Preparation
Patients are asked to fast 6–12 hours before the test.
For colonoscopy, a bowel cleansing solution is prescribed to clear the intestines.
Step 2: Sedation & Monitoring
A mild sedative or anesthesia is given through an IV line.
Vital signs such as heart rate and oxygen levels are monitored.
Step 3: Insertion of Endoscope
For gastroscopy, the tube is passed through the mouth into the stomach.
For colonoscopy, it is inserted through the rectum into the colon.
Step 4: Examination & Biopsy
The doctor inspects the lining of the digestive tract in detail.
Tissue samples (biopsy) may be collected if abnormalities are seen.
Polyps or small growths can be removed immediately.
Step 5: Recovery
Patients rest for 30–60 minutes in a recovery area.
Temporary side effects may include bloating, mild cramps, or sore throat.
Most people return to normal activities within 24 hours.
Data Fact: Globally, over 15 million colonoscopies are performed each year. In Malaysia, demand for endoscopy has grown steadily as part of national colorectal cancer screening programs.
Types of Endoscopy in Malaysia & Their Uses
Gastroscopy (Upper Endoscopy)
Used to diagnose acid reflux (GERD), gastritis, peptic ulcers, stomach bleeding, and H. pylori infection.
Can also detect early stomach cancer, which is more common in Asia.
Colonoscopy
The gold standard for colorectal cancer screening.
Detects and removes polyps before they turn cancerous.
Recommended for individuals aged 50 and above, or earlier if there is a family history.
Sigmoidoscopy
A shorter, quicker test than colonoscopy.
Often used for patients with rectal bleeding or chronic constipation.
Other Specialized Endoscopies
EUS (Endoscopic Ultrasound): Helps stage cancer and assess pancreas or bile duct conditions.
ERCP: Removes gallstones or places stents in bile ducts.
Capsule Endoscopy: Ideal for investigating unexplained bleeding in the small intestine.
Applications of Endoscopy
Endoscopy serves both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
🔹 Diagnostic Applications
Identifying ulcers, gastritis, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Detecting polyps, tumors, or cancer at an early stage.
Evaluating causes of chronic abdominal pain, anemia, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
🔹 Therapeutic Applications
Removing polyps or small tumors.
Stopping gastrointestinal bleeding with cauterization or clips.
Expanding narrowed areas of the esophagus (stricture dilation).
Taking biopsies to confirm diagnosis.
Benefits of Endoscopy
Minimally invasive – avoids large surgical cuts.
High accuracy – allows direct visualization of the digestive tract.
Fast recovery – most patients go home the same day.
Dual function – can diagnose and treat in one session.
Life-saving – colonoscopy reduces colorectal cancer risk by up to 70% by detecting and removing precancerous polyps.
Risks & Safety
Endoscopy is considered very safe, especially in MOH-certified hospitals and private clinics. Risks are rare but may include:
Mild bloating, cramps, or sore throat (common but temporary).
Bleeding (less than 1%).
Perforation of the intestine or stomach (<0.1%).
With proper preparation and experienced doctors, the benefits far outweigh the risks.
Cost of Endoscopy in Malaysia
The cost of endoscopy varies depending on the type, hospital, and whether it is done in a government or private facility.
Gastroscopy: RM 800 – RM 2,000
Colonoscopy: RM 1,500 – RM 3,000
Sigmoidoscopy: RM 600 – RM 1,200
Capsule Endoscopy: RM 3,000 – RM 5,000
Government hospitals may be more affordable, but waiting times are longer. Private hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Johor Bahru provide faster access, often with advanced equipment.
Preparing for Endoscopy
To ensure accurate results, patients should:
Fast for 6–12 hours before the procedure.
Follow bowel cleansing instructions for colonoscopy.
Inform the doctor about allergies, medications, or chronic conditions.
Arrange for someone to drive them home if sedated.
What to Expect After Endoscopy
Rest for the remainder of the day.
Avoid heavy meals immediately; start with light food.
Do not drive or operate machinery for 24 hours if sedated.
Contact a doctor if you experience severe pain, persistent bleeding, or fever.
Conclusion: Why Endoscopy Matters for Malaysians
Endoscopy is a safe, effective, and essential tool in modern healthcare. It plays a key role in diagnosing digestive conditions, detecting cancer early, and even treating problems in one procedure.
With colorectal cancer on the rise in Malaysia, colonoscopy is strongly recommended for those aged 50 and above, or younger if at high risk. The ability to detect and remove polyps early makes it one of the most powerful cancer prevention tools available today.
If you experience persistent gastric pain, unexplained weight loss, or rectal bleeding, speak to an MOH-certified gastroenterologist about whether endoscopy is right for you.
FAQs About Endoscopy in Malaysia
1. Is endoscopy painful?
No. Sedation ensures minimal discomfort. Some patients may feel mild bloating or throat irritation, which usually resolves quickly.
2. How long does recovery take?
Most patients return to normal activities within 24 hours.
3. Are there risks?
Complications are very rare. The risk of serious issues such as perforation is less than 0.1%.
4. How often should I get a colonoscopy?
Every 5–10 years after age 50, or earlier if you have a family history of colorectal cancer.
5. How much does endoscopy cost in Malaysia?
Costs range from RM 800 to RM 3,000, depending on the type and facility.
